PacBio was founded in 2004 to develop sequencing methods based on work done in the labs of biophysicist Watt Webb and engineer Harold Craighead, both at Cornell University. The previous year, the two had collaborated to create zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs): small containers just big enough to hold a single DNA polymerase and containing tiny holes at the bottom through which light could be detected. They were able to fix a DNA polymerase to the bottom of a ZMW and detect the incorporation of individual fluorescent “C” nucleotides through the holes, which fed into a microscope capable of detecting light emissions.
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